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Notes

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The flask (matara) was most probably used to collect water from Zamzam – the well inside the Meccan sanctuary – to take back to Sultan 'Abdulhamid II (r.1876–1909) in Istanbul. It is one of a small group, the earliest of which was sent by the Ottoman Sultan Murad III (r.1574–1595) to the Austrian Emperor Rudolf II in 1582.