Painter, printmaker, designer, illustrator and teacher, born in Turek, Poland. Studied medicine for several years but gave it up to study, from 1929–34, at Wilno University’s faculty of fine art. Then painted church murals until in 1937 he became head of a studio in Lódź. Escaped from occupied Poland in 1940 and travelled to Budapest, where he held a very successful print show depicting the burning of Warsaw. More travels took him to France where he enlisted in the French-run Polish Army, was captured and escaped to Scotland where in 1942 he rejoined the Polish Army. Settled in St Andrews where he became a member of a key wood engraving circle and built up a reputation as a book designer and etcher. From 1957 lectured in printmaking at Duncan of Jordanstone College of Art in Dundee.